![]() Various studies have indicated that different kind of food wastes obtained from fruits, vegetables, cereal and other food processing industries can be used as potential source of bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals which has significant application in treating various ailments. Thus, PHWE appears as an attractive alternative to common organic extraction methods for obtaining polyphenols from plant materials.įood waste, a by-product of various industrial, agricultural, household and other food sector activities, is rising continuously due to increase in such activities. ![]() Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE, also called superheated water extrac- tion, subcritical water extraction, pressurized low-polarity water extraction, hot compressed water extraction) process takes advantage of this feature, providing higher selectivities and shorter extraction times and avoiding the use of toxic organic solvents (King 2000). Nonetheless, several physicochemical properties of water such as polarity, surface tension, viscosity, and dissociation constant can be manipulated through the change in temperature to improve the effectiveness of the extraction process (Hawthorne et al. Indeed, given their nature and prevalence of nonionic bonds in their structures, most typical polyphenols present relatively low solu- bility in water at ambient conditions (Abou El Hassan et al. ![]() However, these processes are not widely used as an extraction method for plant materials because water is too polar to dissolve most organics, such as polyphe- nols (Ong et al. Water- based extraction processes arise as a good option: Water is nonflammable, nontoxic, readily available, and an environmentally acceptable solvent. Therefore, the use of clean, innocuous, environmentally friendly, and efficient processes to extract polyphenols from plant material becomes appealing. Besides, extraction with organic solvents might generate unsafe and potentially hazardous products for human consumption and the environment. Nevertheless, traditional extraction methods such as Soxhlet employ large amounts of questionable solvents, are time-consuming and have low selectivity and/or low extraction yield (Ollanketo et al. The Soxhlet technique repeatedly brings fresh solvent into contact with the solid matrix, do not require a filtration procedure, and is simple to operate (Wang and Weller 2006). Traditionally, the extraction of polyphenols (and phytochemicals in general) has been based mainly on the use of Soxhlet devices and organic solvents. ![]() Obtaining polyphenols from plant material for their application in the food and pharmaceutical industries involves the use of adequate extraction processes. Hence, polyphenols are useful plant-derived compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries, which are focused in generating bioactive natural products for human health and nutrition. In fact, the demand for polyphenols (in terms of revenue) is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2012 to 2018, mainly due to the applications in functional foods and dietary supplements (Transparency Market Research 2013). The growing concern for human well-being has generated an increase in the demand for polyphenols, secondary plant metabolites that exhibit antioxidant, radical-scavenging, antibacterial, antiviral, enzyme-inhibiting, and antimuta- genic properties (Serrano et al.
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